Examinando por Autor "Zelaya, Martina"

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    Experts’ subjective theories: how did they explain post-pandemic school violence in their public discourse through digital media?
    (Frontiers Media, 0026-03-03) Zelaya, Martina; Castro-Carrasco, Pablo; Caamaño-Vega, Vladimir; Carrasco-Aguilar, Claudia; Rodriguez-Pastene-Vicencio, Fabiana; Gubbins, Verónica; Cuadra-Martinez, David; López-Oyarzún, Camila
    Introduction: In the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, public communications have reported a rise in school violence. This study seeks to understand the collective subjective theories in the public discourse of experts on school violence after educational confinement due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Specifically, it aims at understanding the causes, effects, intervention strategies and contextual conditions associated with the challenges of school violence. Methods: Drawing on a documentary research design and qualitative methodology, we reconstructed subjective theories based on 109 public discourses on YouTube and Google News, by professionals in education, psychology, and other fields. Results: Three macro-level subjective theories were identified: Social subjective theory, Educational subjective theory, and Psychological subjective theory. These offer different explanations of the causes of violence, its consequences, and appropriate intervention strategies. Social Subjective Theory emphasizes exclusion, inequality, and systemic abandonment. Psychological Subjective Theory focuses on the deterioration of students’ mental health and emotional distress. Educational Subjective Theory highlights institutional fragmentation and policy contradictions. Discussion: The findings reveal that expert discourses, besides describing the problem, shape public agendas, justify interventions, and allocate responsibility. The study highlights the public role of expert knowledge in moments of micro and macro-level institutional uncertainty, showing how subjective theories function as interpretive frameworks of educational issues.
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    Press and School Violence: Subjective Theories in the Post-Pandemic Narratives in Chilean Online Newspaper
    (MDPI, 2025-12-18) Rodríguez-Pastene, Fabiana; Sorza Sara; Castro-Carrasco, Pablo J.; Carrasco-Aguilar, Claudia; Gubbins, Verónica; Caamaño-Vega, Vladimir; Zelaya, Martina
    This study examines how the explanations about school violence are constructed in Chilean online newspapers after the country—which had the longest period of school closures— returned to in-person classes. During early 2022, several complaints of school violence surged compared to the lockdown years, prompting questions about how the media shaped public interpretations of this rise. Using a content analysis of three Chilean online newspapers (“SoyChile”, “ElMostrador”, and “LUN”), this study reconstructed the Subjective Theories (STs) conveyed in their coverage. All articles (n = 50) published during three strategic periods of the 2022 school year were analyzed to identify explicit and implicit theories about the causes, intervening conditions, and strategies for addressing school violence. The most prevalent ST framed school violence as a structural problem, appearing 27 times. This narrative portrays the phenomenon as both inevitable and beyond the control of key actors, such as caregivers, teachers, school leaders, authorities, and students, ultimately reducing perceived accountability and agency in prevention or intervention efforts. Media discourse tended to legitimize explanations that locate school violence outside the sphere of individual or institutional responsibility
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    Public Discourse of the Chilean Ministry of Education on School Violence and Convivencia Escolar: A Subjective Theories Approach
    (MDPI, 2024-09-06) Castro-Carrasco, Pablo J.; Gubbins, Verónica; Caamaño, Vladimir; Gonzalez-Palta, Ingrid; Rodriguez-Pastene Vicencio, Fabiana; Zelaya, Martina; Carrasco-Aguilar, Claudia
    This study analyzed subjective theories on school violence and convivencia escolar expressed in the public discourse of the Chilean Ministry of Education in 2022. This research focused on the return to in-person learning, a time when concerns about violence in schools increased and public policies aimed at addressing it were launched. Inductive content analysis and grounded theory techniques were used to examine 66 tweets issued by official ministry accounts during 2022. The analysis identified three interpretative sets. The first suggests that although violence has external structural causes, it must be eradicated from schools. The second links convivencia escolar with well-being and socioemotional skills, but without an explicit association with violence. The third locates the origin of psychological distress in external factors but assigns its management to the school system. A predominance of expert knowledge existed in the promoted solutions. These findings are discussed based on the idea that the Ministry of Education’s discourse on Twitter not only informs but also seeks to shape educational common sense and validate public policies. This raises questions about its impact on the interpretive autonomy of school communities.
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    Subjective theories of the chilean teachers' union about school climate and violence during the return to face-to-face education after the pandemic: a study of web news
    (Frontiers Media S.A., 2024-11-24) Castro, Pablo; Cuadra-Martinez, David; Gubbins, Verónica; Rodriguez-Pastene, Fabiana; Caamaño, Vladimir; Zelaya, Martina
    Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic increased school violence and worsened the school climate in Chile. In Chile, punitive control policies such as the Safe Class Law (Ley Aula Segura) have been adopted. A key actor in the public debate is the Chilean Teachers’ Union, due to its potential impact on new public policies on the issue. Objectives: The aim of this study was to reconstruct the subjective theories of school violence and school climate presented by the Chilean Teachers’ Union after the COVID-19 pandemic, in its public discourse broadcast on the web news. Methods: Based on a documentary study, a case study design and qualitative methodology, embedded in the FONDECYT project No. 1231667, titled “The social construction in Chile of school climate and school violence after the return to face-to-face education,” web news (N = 36) were analyzed in which the Chilean Teachers’ Union explains school violence and school climate after the pandemic. Results: We found subjective theories that explain the meaning of school violence and school climate, and external factors associated with the serious deterioration of these educational dimensions after the COVID-19 pandemic. Accordingly, we obtained a set of measures such as inclusive policies, curriculum, participation in the development of educational policies, and refunding public education that teachers propose to solve these phenomena in the future. Discussion: In the context of a union that has historically considered public policies to be non-participative in their formulation and distant from the schools’ reality, these findings have important implications for understanding the arguments of the Teachers’ Union about the need to improve mental health and working conditions as crucial elements for addressing school climate and school violence.
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    Teorías subjetivas sobre convivencia y violencia escolar en discurso experto en la prensa de 2022
    (Simon Fraser University, 2025-06-11) Fuentealba-Jorquera, Daniel; Rodríguez-Pastene-Vicencio, Fabiana; Andrada, Pablo; Castro-Carrasco, Pablo J.; Caamaño-Vega, Vladimir; Gubbins, Verónica; Carrasco-Aguilar, Claudia; Cuadra-Martinez, David; Zelaya, Martina
    El regreso a clases presenciales después de la pandemia desencadenó casos de Violencia Escolar (VE) en 2022. La prensa escrita a través de los diarios fue uno de los medios que abordó estos casos y puso el tema para ser discutido por sus lectores. En este medio, las cartas al director son relevantes ya que muestran las opiniones de las audiencias sobre un hecho actual, en particular la de expertos/as o personas influyentes de la sociedad civil. Esta forma de discurso público en la prensa aborda teorizaciones con carácter argumentativo de los fenómenos de VE y convivencia escolar (CE), de modo que puede ser estudiado desde las teorías subjetivas (TS). Metodología: La metodología fue de carácter cualitativo, y se utilizó la teoría fundamentada. El análisis incluyó un proceso de codificación abierta y axial en las 10 cartas al director seleccionadas. El medio elegido para la recolección de la muestra fue el diario chileno La Tercera. Resultados: Entre los hallazgos se obtuvo que existe una TS supraordenada que establece un insuficiente afrontamiento de la VE en el período pospandémico. Además, se encontró que la mayoría de las TS son iniciadoras de acción para abordar la CE y VE. Conclusiones: El discurso experto presenta teorizaciones acerca de la responsabilización de los adultos y las escuelas en el trabajo que se efectúa para abordar la VE y el cambio en el trabajo en CE. Los estudiantes son referenciados como sujetos pasivos, lo que podría limitar su desarrollo moral y participación en estos contextos. Introduction: The return to face-to-face classes after the pandemic carried effects that triggered cases of School Violence (SV) in 2022. The newspaper was one of the media that addressed these cases and raised the issue to be discussed by its readers. In this media, letters to the editor are relevant as they show the readers' opinions on a current event, particularly that of experts or influential people from civil society. This type of public discourse in the press deals with argumentative theorizing on the phenomena of school violence and school climate (SC), so that it can be studied from subjective theories (ST). Methodology: Qualitative methodology was followed, using Grounded Theory. The analysis included a process of open and axial coding in the 10 letters to the editor selected. The means chosen for the collection of the sample was the Chilean newspaper La Tercera. Results: Among the findings, there was a superordinate ST that establishes insufficient coping with SV in the post-pandemic period. In addition, it was found that most of the STs are action initiators to address SC and SV. Conclusions: The experts' discourse presents theorizations about the accountability of adults and schools in the work done to address SV, and change on SC work. Students are portrayed as passive subjects, which could limit their moral development and participation in these contexts.
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    Teorías subjetivas sobre violencia y convivencia escolar en editoriales de diarios chilenos pospandemia
    (Universidad Católica del Uruguay, 2026-06) Fuentealba-Jorquera, Daniel; Castro-Carrasco, Pablo Javier; Rodríguez-Pastene, Vicencio Fabiana; Caamaño, Vladimir; Gubbins, Verónica; Zelaya, Martina; Carrasco-Aguilar, Claudia; Lopez, Camila
    Resumen: Tras más de 200 días de clases remotas en Chile, en el retorno a la presencialidad post-COVID-19 hubo la percepción de un aumento de agresiones verbales y físicas en establecimientos educativos, que afectaron la convivencia escolar (CE). Se presentó, a su vez, un aumento de denuncias por violencia escolar (VE), situación que fue ampliamente divulgada por la prensa. En ella, las editoriales actúan como discursos públicos que pueden poseer un fuerte peso explicativo sobre temas de contingencia nacional. El objetivo de este artículo es reconstruir las teorías subjetivas (TS) en editoriales de dos diarios de circulación nacional en 2022. Es un estudio cualitativo que utiliza procedimientos de la teoría fundamentada en dos etapas: codificación abierta y axial. Los resultados muestran que los diarios describen a la pandemia como causa y condición principal de las dificultades de CE y VE. Las editoriales atribuyen las causas de la VE a los efectos de la pandemia en los niños, niñas y adolescentes, así como a la carencia de regulación disciplinar de los establecimientos. Las soluciones que proponen son adultocéntricas y están basadas principalmente en la implementación de políticas institucionales.