Examinando por Autor "Vásquez-Hoyos, Pablo"

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    Capnometry after an inspiratory breath hold, PLATCO2, as a surrogate for PaCO2 in mild to moderate Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: A feasibility study
    (Wiley Periodicals, 2023-07-10) Cruces, Pablo; Moreno, Diego; Reveco, Sonia; Améstica, Marjorie; Araneda, Patricio; Ramirez, Yennys; Vásquez-Hoyos, Pablo; Díaz, Franco
    Objective: Accurate and reliable noninvasive methods to estimate gas exchange are necessary to guide clinical decisions to avoid frequent blood samples in children with pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome (PARDS). We aimed to investigate the correlation and agreement between end‐tidal PCO2 measured immediately after a 3‐s inspiratory‐hold (PLATCO2) by capnometry and PaCO2 measured by arterial blood gases (ABG) in PARDS. Measurements and Main Results: All patients were in volume‐controlled ventilation mode. The regular end‐tidal P P CO ETCO ( ) 2 2 (without the inspiratory hold) was registered immediately after the ABG sample. An inspiratory‐hold of 3 s was performed for lung mechanics measurements, recording PETCO2 in the breath following the inspiratory‐hold. (PLATCO2). End‐tidal alveolar dead space fraction (AVDSf) was calculated as [( – )/ PP P aCO ETCO aCO ] 2 2 2 and its surrogate (S)AVDSf as [( CO – )/ CO PLAT 2 ETCO PLAT 2 P ] 2 . Measurements of PaCO2 were considered the gold standard. We performed concordance correlation coefficient (ρc), Spearman's correlation (rho), and Bland–Altmann's analysis (mean difference ± SD [limits of agreement, LoA]). Eleven patients were included, with a median (interquartile range) age of 5 (2–11) months. Tidal volume was 5.8 (5.7–6.3) mL/kg, PEEP 8 (6–8), driving pressure 10 (8–11), and plateau pressure 17 (17–19) cm H2O. Forty‐one paired measurements were analyzed. PaCO2 was higher than PETCO2 (52 mmHg [48–54] vs. 42 mmHg [38–45], p < 0.01), and there were no significant differences with PLATCO2 (50 mmHg [46–55], p > 0.99). The concordance correlation coefficient and Spearman's correlation between PaCO2 and PLATCO2 were robust (ρc = 0.80 [95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.67–0.90]; and rho = 0.80, p < 0.001.), and for PETCO2 were weak and strong (ρc = 0.27 [95% CI: 0.15–0.38]; and rho = 0.63, p < 0.01). The bias between PLATCO2 and PaCO2 was −0.4 ± 3.5 mmHg (LoA −7.2 to 6.4), and between PETCO2 and PaCO2 was −8.5 ± 4.1 mmHg (LoA −16.6 to −0.5). The correlation between AVDSf and (S)AVDSf was moderate (rho = 0.55, p < 0.01), and the mean difference was −0.5 ± 5.6% (LoA −11.5 to 10.5) Conclusion: This pilot study showed the feasibility of measuring end‐tidal CO2 after a 3‐s end‐inspiratory breath hole in pediatric patients undergoing controlled ventilation for ARDS. Encouraging preliminary results warrant further study of this technique.
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    Comparison of Interleukin-6 plasma concentration in multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) associated with SARS-CoV-2 and pediatric sepsis
    (Frontiers Media S.A., 2021-11-15) Díaz, Franco; Busto B., Raúl; Yagnam, Felipe; J. Karsies, Todd; Vásquez-Hoyos, Pablo; Jaramillo-Bustamante, Juan-Camilo; Gonzalez-Dambrauskas, Sebastián; Drago, Michelle; Cruces, Pablo
    Importance: Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection is thought to be driven by a post-viral dysregulated immune response, where interleukin 6 (IL-6) might have a central role. In this setting, IL-6 inhibitors are prescribed as immunomodulation in cases refractory to standard therapy. Objective: To compare plasma IL-6 concentration between critically ill children with MIS-C and sepsis. Design: A retrospective cohort study from previously collected data. Setting: Individual patient data were gathered from three different international datasets. Participants: Critically ill children between 1 month-old and 18 years old, with an IL-6 level measured within 48 h of admission to intensive care. Septic patients were diagnosed according to Surviving Sepsis Campaign definition and MIS-C cases by CDC criteria. We excluded children with immunodeficiency or immunosuppressive therapy. Exposure: None. Main Outcome(s) and Measure(s): The primary outcome was IL-6 plasma concentration in MIS-C and sepsis group at admission to the intensive care unit. We described demographics, inflammatory biomarkers, and clinical outcomes for both groups. A subgroup analysis for shock in each group was done. Results: We analyzed 66 patients with MIS-C and 44 patients with sepsis. MIS-C cases were older [96 (48, 144) vs. 20 (5, 132) months old, p < 0.01], but no differences in sex (41 vs. 43% female, p = 0.8) compared to septic group. Mechanical ventilation use was 48.5 vs. 93% (p < 0.001), vasoactive drug use 79 vs. 66% (p = 0.13), and mortality 4.6 vs. 34.1% (p < 0.01) in MIS-C group compared to sepsis. IL-6 was 156 (36, 579) ng/dl in MIS-C and 1,432 (122, 6,886) ng/dl in sepsis (p < 0.01), while no significant differences were observed in procalcitonin (PCT) and c-reactive protein (CRP). 52/66 (78.8%) patients had shock in MIS-C group, and 29/44 (65.9%) had septic shock in sepsis group. Septic shock had a significantly higher plasma IL-6 concentration than the three other sub-groups. Differences in IL-6, CRP, and PCT were not statistically different between MIS-C with and without shock. Conclusions and Relevance: IL-6 plasma concentration was elevated in critically ill MIS-C patients but at levels much lower than those of sepsis. Furthermore, IL-6 levels don’t discriminate between MIS-C cases with and without shock. These results lead us to question the role of IL-6 in the pathobiology of MIS-C, its diagnosis, clinical outcomes, and, more importantly, the off-label use of IL-6 inhibitors for these cases.
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    Factores asociados a ventilación mecánica prolongada en niños con fallo respiratorio de causa pulmonar: estudio de cohortes del registro de LARed Network
    (Elsevier, 2023-06-15) Barajas-Romero, Juan Sebastían; Vásquez-Hoyos, Pablo; Pardo, Rosalba; Jaramillo-Bustamante, Juan Camilo; Grigolli, Regina; Monteverde-Fernández, Nicolas; Gonzalez-Dambrauskas, Sebastián; Jabornisky, Roberto; Cruces, Pablo; Wegner, Adriana; Díaz, Franco; Pietroboni, Pietro
    Objectives: To identify factors associated with prolonged mechanical ventilation (pMV) in pediatric patients in pediatric intensive care units (PICUs). Design: Secondary analysis of a prospective cohort. Setting: PICUs in centers that are part of the LARed Network between April 2017 and January 2022. Participants: Pediatric patients on mechanical ventilation (IMV) due to respiratory causes. We defined IMV time greater than the 75th percentile of the global cohort. Main variables of interest: Demographic data, diagnoses, severity scores, therapies, complications, length of stay, morbidity, and mortality. Results: 1698 children with MV of 8±7 days were included, and pIMV was defined as 9 days. Factors related to admission were age under 6 months (OR 1.61, 95% CI 1.17-2.22), bronchopulmonary dysplasia (OR 3.71, 95% CI 1.87-7.36), and fungal infections (OR 6.66, 95% CI 1.87-23.74), while patients with asthma had a lower risk of pIMV (OR 0.30, 95% CI 0.12-0.78). Regarding evolution and length of stay in the PICU, it was related to ventilation-associated pneumonia (OR 4.27, 95% CI 1.79-10.20), need for tracheostomy (OR 2.91, 95% CI 1.89-4.48), transfusions (OR 2.94, 95% CI 2.18-3.96), neuromuscular blockade (OR 2.08, 95% CI 1.48-2.93), high-frequency ventilation (OR 2.91, 95% CI 1.89-4.48), and longer PICU stay (OR 1.13, 95% CI 1.10-1.16). In addition, mean airway pressure greater than 13cmH2O was associated with pIMV (OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.12-2.21). Conclusions: Factors related to IMV duration greater than 9 days in pediatric patients in PICUs were identified in terms of admission, evolution, and length of stay
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    Letter: Development of a Randomized Trial Comparing ICP-Monitor-Based Management of Severe Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury to Management Based on Imaging and Clinical Examination Without ICP Monitoring-Study Protocol
    (Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc., 2024) Nielsen, Katie; Caporal, Paula; Díaz, Franco; González-Dambrauskas, Sebastián; Vásquez-Hoyos, Pablo; Domínguez-Rojas, Jesús
    Pediatric traumatic brain injury is a major public health concern, particularly in resource-limited settings where this entity has higher incidence and mortality than developed nations. Despite the disproportionate burden of pediatric traumatic brain injury in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), the current Brain Trauma Foundation guidelines are largely based on low-quality evidence generated in high-income countries (HICs).1 Adherence to guidelines is challenging in LMICs because of economic constraints, equipment availability, and human resources,2 which may explain disparities in outcomes. We applaud Chesnut et al3 for publishing a randomized controlled trial (RCT) protocol to test the hypothesis of whether intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring improves outcomes in pediatric severe TBI (psTBI). The RCT will compare outcomes for children receiving ICP-based vs clinical examination and imaging-based management. Their main objective is to generate class I evidence regarding the impact of ICP-driven management in psTBI on long-term outcomes.
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    Mecánica pulmonar en el síndrome de distrés respiratorio agudo pediátrico asociado a COVID-19 aguda y MIS-C: implicaciones para las terapias y los resultados
    (Sociedad Chilena de Pediatría, 2023) Díaz, Franco; Domínguez-Rojas, Jesús; Coronado Muñoz, Álvaro; Luna-Delgado, Yesica; Alvarado-Gamarra, Giancarlo; Quispe Flores, Gaudi; Caqui-Vilca, Patrick; Atamari-Anahui, Noé; Muñoz Ramírez, Cleotilde Mireya; Tello-Pezo, Mariela; Cruces, Pablo; Vásquez-Hoyos, Pablo
    Objetivo: describir la mecánica pulmonar en el síndrome de distrés respiratorio agudo pediátrico (SDRAP) asociado a COVID-19 aguda y MIS-C con insuficiencia respiratoria. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional multicéntrico concurrente, analizando variables clínicas y mecánica pulmonar del SDRAP asociado a COVID-19 en 4 unidades de cuidados intensivos pediátricos (UCIP) del Perú. El análisis de subgrupos incluyó el SDRAP asociado a síndrome inflamatorio multisistémico en niños (MIS-C), MIS-PARDS, y el SDRAP con infección respiratoria primaria por COVID-19, C-PARDS. Además, se realizó un análisis de curva operador receptor (ROC) para mortalidad y mecánica pulmonar. Resultados: Se incluyeron 30 pacientes. La edad fue de 7,5(4-11) años, 60% varones y la mortalidad del 23%. El 47% correspondió al grupo MIS-PARDS y el 53% al grupo C-PARDS. C-PARDS tuvo RT-PCR positiva en el 67% y MIS-PARDS ninguna (p<0,001). El grupo C-PARDS presentaba una hipoxemia más profunda (relación P/F <100, 86% frente a 38%, p<0,01) y una presión de conducción más alta [14(10-22) frente a 10(10-12) cmH2O], así como una menor distensibilidad del sistema respiratorio (CRS) [0,5 (0,3-0,6) frente a 0,7(0,6-0,8) ml/kg/cmH2O] en comparación con MIS-PARDS (todos p<0,05). El análisis ROC para la mortalidad mostró que la presión de conducción tenía el mejor rendimiento [AUC 0,91(IC95%0,81-1,00), con el mejor punto de corte de 15 cmH2O (100% de sensibilidad y 87% de especificidad). La mortalidad en los C-PARDS fue del 38% y del 7% en los MIS-PARDS (p=0,09). Los días sin VM fueron 12(0-23) en la C-PARDS y 23(21-25) en la MIS-PARDS (p=0,02). Conclusiones: Los pacientes con C-PARDS, presentan características de mecánica pulmonar similares al SDRAP clásico de moderado a grave. Esto no se observó en los pacientes con MIS-C. Como se ha visto en otros estudios, una presión de conducción ≥ 15 cmH2O fue el mejor discriminador de mortalidad. Estos hallazgos pueden ayudar a guiar las estrategias de manejo ventilatorio para estas dos presentaciones diferentes.
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    Nueva morbilidad tras enfermedad crítica en niños latinoamericanos menores de 18 años con infección severa del tracto respiratorio inferior
    (Sociedad Chilena de Pediatría, 2023-01) Caporal, Paula; Vásquez-Hoyos, Pablo; Díaz, Franco; Monteverde-Fernández, Nicolás; Pedrozo, Luis; Carvajal, Cristóbal; Tellechea Rotta, Alexandre; González-Dambrauskas, Sebastián
    Objetivo: analizar el desarrollo de nuevas morbilidades adquiridas tras hospitalización por Infección del Tracto Respiratorio Inferior (ITRI) en unidades de cuidados intensivos pediátricos (UCIP). Pacientes y Método: Se incluyeron pacientes de 35 UCIP de 8 países, edades 0 a 18 años con diagnóstico de ITRI, dados de alta vivos, registrados entre abril 2018 y septiembre 2019, y que hayan requerido algún tipo de soporte ventilatorio (sistema de alto flujo, ventilación no invasiva o ventilación invasiva), incluidos en el registro de LARed Network, que incluye la Escala de Estado Funcional (FSS en inglés) validada en población pediátrica, que evalúa el estado funcional en seis dominios: estado mental, sensorial, comunicación, motor, alimentación y estado respiratorio. NM consideró ITRI posterior a su hospitalización y se definió como un incremento≥ 3 puntos en la FSS. Resultados: De 3280 niños con ITRI, 85 (2, 6%) desarrollaron NM, asociada a diagnósticos de sepsis y síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda (SDRA), infección por neumococo o por adenovirus, infecciones asociadas a la atención en salud y ventilación mecánica invasiva. La infección por adenovirus, el SDRA y las IAH se asociaron de forma independiente con NM. Conclusiones: Observamos que el desarrollo de NM al egreso de UCIP es infrecuente, pero está asociada a factores de riesgo modificables. Estos datos definen ciertos grupos de riesgo para realizar futuras intervenciones e iniciativas en la mejora de la calidad de atención.
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    Pediatric ARDS phenotypes in critical COVID-19: implications for therapies and outcomes
    (Yale University; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (CSHL), 2022-06) Díaz, Franco; Domínguez-Rojas, Jesús; Luna-Delgado, Yesica; Caqui-Vilca, Patrick; Martel-Ramírez, Carlos; Quispe-Chipana, Miguel; Cruz-Arpi, Mario; Atamari-Anahui, Noé; Muñoz Ramírez, Cleotilde Mireya; Quispe Flores, Gaudi; Tello-Pezo, Mariela; Cruces, Pablo; Vásquez-Hoyos, Pablo
    Purpose to describe lung mechanics in Pediatric Acute Respiratory Disease Syndrome (PARDS) associated with COVID-19. We hypothesize two phenotypes according to respiratory system mechanics and clinical diagnosis. Methods a concurrent multicenter observational study was performed, analyzing clinical variables and pulmonary mechanics of PARDS associated with COVID-19 in 4 Pediatric intensive care units (PICUs) of Perú. Subgroup analysis included PARDS associated with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), MIS-PARDS, and PARDS with COVID-19 primary respiratory infection, C-PARDS. In addition, receiver operator curve analysis (ROC) for mortality was performed. Results 30 patients were included. Age was 7.5(4-11) years, 60% male, and mortality 23%. 47% corresponded to MIS-PARDS and 53% to C-PARDS phenotypes. C-PARDS had positive RT-PCR in 67% and MIS-PARDS none (p<0.001). C-PARDS group had more profound hypoxemia (P/Fratio<100, 86%vs38%,p<0.01) and higher driving-pressure (DP) [14(10-22)vs10(10-12)cmH2O], and lower compliance of the respiratory system (CRS)[0.5(0.3-0.6)vs 0.7(0.6-0.8)ml/kg/cmH2O] compared to MIS-PARDS (all p<0.05). ROC-analysis for mortality showed that DP had the best performance [AUC 0.91(95%CI0.81-1.00), with the best cut-point of 15 cmH2O (100% sensitivity and 87% of specificity). Mortality in C-PARDS was 38% and 7% in MIS-PARDS(p=0.09). MV free-days were 12(0-23) in C-PARDS and 23(21-25) in MIS-PARDS(p=0.02) Conclusion critical pediatric COVID-19 is heterogeneous in children. COVID-19 PARDS had two phenotypes with distinctive pulmonary mechanics features. Characteristics of C-PARDS are like a classic primary PARDS, while a decoupling between compliance and hypoxemia was more frequent in MIS-PARDS. In addition, C-PARDS had fewer MV free-days. DP ≥ 15 cmH2O had the best performance of the quasi-static calculations to discriminate for mortality. Standardized pulmonary mechanics measurements in PARDS might reveal essential information to tailor the ventilatory strategy in pediatric critical COVID-19.
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    Relationship between national changes in mobility due to non-pharmaceutical interventions and emergency department visits due to pediatric acute respiratory infections during the COVID-19 pandemic
    (Yale University; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (CSHL), 2022-01) Díaz, Franco; Carvajal, Cristóbal; Gatica, Sebastián; Vásquez-Hoyos, Pablo; Jabornisky, Roberto; Von Moltke, Richard; Jaramillo-Bustamante, Juan Camilo; Pizarro, Federico; Cruces, Pablo
    Background Strong social distancing measures were quickly implemented in Chile during the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak. One of the aims of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI) mandates was to decrease overcrowding, thus is usually measured as mobility changes. Methods we gather data from national health statistics for pediatric emergency (PED) visits for acute respiratory infection (ARI) in children younger than 15. We defined a historical cohort, including data from 2016 to 2019, and compared them with 2020 and 2021 pandemic years. Also, Chile’s national mobility reports from the online google database were downloaded. We tested the correlation between changes in mobility and relative reduction in PED-ARI by Spearman’s Rank Test. Results Historical data showed a mean of 46863 ± 3071 PED-ARI weekly visits with a high seasonal variation, with two peaks in weeks 20 and 28 and weeks 32 to 36. This transient drop was temporally associated with the mid-winter 2-week holiday of schools. The usual PED visits peaks did not occur in 2020 and 2021. Mobility declined from week 9, reaching lower than historical data from week 12 and a minimum of 43% in week 15 of 2020 . The correlation between mobility and PED-ARI visits showed a strong monotonic relationship (quadratic) with a Spearman’s rho of 0.80 (95% CI 0.75 to 0.86) . Conclusion NPI resulting in a decrease in mobility should be considered a robust public health measure to relieve the winter’s collapse of the national health system, decreasing morbimortality in children due to PED-ARI.