Repositorio UFT :: Examinando por Autor "Nova-Baeza, Pablo"

Examinando por Autor "Nova-Baeza, Pablo"

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A Systematic Review of Anatomical Variations of the Inferior Thyroid Artery: Clinical and Surgical Considerations
(MDPI, 2025-07-23) Bruna-Mejías, Alejandro; Pérez-Farías, Carla; Prieto-Heredia, Tamara; Vergara-Vargas, Fernando; Martínez-Cid, Josefina; Sanchis-Gimeno, Juan; Afandi-Rebolledo, Sary; Valdés-Orrego, Iván; Nova-Baeza, Pablo; Suazo Santibañez, Alejandra; Valenzuela Fuenzalida, Juan José; Orellana-Donoso, Mathias
The inferior thyroid artery (ITA) is an essential component of the thyroid gland’s vasculature, with significant clinical and surgical implications due to its anatomical variability. This systematic review aimed to describe the prevalence of ITA anatomical variants and their association with clinical conditions or surgical implications. Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted in MEDLINE, Web of Science, Google Scholar, CINAHL, Scopus, and EMBASE on 20 November 2025. Eligibility criteria included studies reporting on the presence of ITA variants and their correlation with pathologies. Two authors independently screened the literature, extracted data, and assessed methodological quality using the AQUA and JBI tools. Results: Of the 2647 articles identified, 19 studies involving 1118 subjects/cadavers were included. Variations in ITA origin, absence, and additional arteries were reported, with the most common variant being direct origin from the subclavian artery. Clinically, these variations were associated with increased risk of intraoperative hemorrhage, potential nerve damage, and challenges in preoperative planning, particularly during thyroidectomy and other neck procedures. Conclusions: Understanding the anatomical diversity of the ITA is crucial for reducing surgical risks and improving patient outcomes. The review highlighted the need for more standardized research protocols and comprehensive data reporting to enhance the quality of evidence in this domain. Preoperative imaging and thorough anatomical assessments tailored to individual patient profiles, considering ethnic and gender-related differences, are essential for safe surgical interventions in the thyroid region.
A Systematic Review with a Meta-Analysis of the Morphological Variants of the Corpus Callosum: Related Neurocognitive Clinical Implications
(Elsevier, 2025) Valenzuela Fuenzalida, Juan José; Orellana-Hidalgo, Sebastián; Baeza-Garrido, Vicente; Trujillo-Riveros, Martin; Aguilar-Aguirre, Isidora; Nova-Baeza, Pablo; Orellana-Donoso, Mathias; Cifuentes-Suazo, Gloria; Bruna Mejías, Alejandro; Casanova-Martinez, Daniel; Sanchis-Gimeno, Juan; Piagkou, Maria; Triantafyllou, George; Konschake, Marko
Background: Corpus callosum agenesis (CCA) occurs in approximately 1 in every 4000 births and is identified in 3–5% of individuals evaluated through neuroimaging for neurodevelopmental disorders. The combined prevalence of CCA and hypoplasia is estimated to range from 1.8 to 10 in every 10,000 births. Methods: The online databases Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences were searched until May 2025. Two authors independently conducted the search, selected the studies, and extracted the data. The methodological quality of the studies was assessed using the Anatomical Quality Assessment tool. A random effects model was used to estimate the pooled prevalence. Results: A total of 46 studies met the established selection criteria. In this analysis, 15 articles were included in the meta-analysis, which involved a total of 5,118,037 subjects. The overall prevalence of CCA was 18% (confidence interval = 10%–25%). The subgroup analysis revealed a significant difference in the prevalence of CCA among the Asian continent compared to the other four continents (P-value 0.001). Conclusions: Early diagnosis of CCA during the fetal stage can enable specialists to implement more effective treatments and reduce the likelihood of neurofunctional impairments. Furthermore, understanding the morphological characteristics of CCA can assist in making an early and accurate diagnosis, minimizing the need for differential diagnoses that could interfere with the functioning of the interhemispheric connection system and brain functional connections.
Anatomical variants in pancreatic irrigation and their clinical considerations for the pancreatic approach and surrounding structures: a systematic review with meta-analysis
(MDPI, 2025-02-19) Valenzuela Fuenzalida, Juan José; Núñez-Castro, Camila Ignacia; Morán-Durán, Valeria Belén; Nova-Baeza, Pablo; Orellana-Donoso, Mathias; Suazo Santibañez, Alejandra; Becerra-Farfán, Álvaro; Oyanedel-Amaro, Gustavo; Bruna-Mejías, Alejandro; Granite, Guinevere; Casanova-Martinez, Daniel; Sanchis-Gimeno, Juan
Background and Objectives: The pancreas receives blood through a complex network of multiple branches, primarily originating from the celiac trunk (CeT) and the superior mesenteric artery (SMA). This blood supply is structured into three main arterial groups, each serving different regions of the pancreas to effectively support its endocrine and exocrine functions. Materials and Methods: The databases Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) and Latin American and the Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences (LILACS) were searched until January 2025. Methodological quality was evaluated using an assurance tool for anatomical studies (AQUA). Pooled prevalence was estimated using a random effects model. Results: A total of sixteen studies met the established selection criteria in this study for meta-analysis. Pancreatic irrigation variants presented a prevalence of 11.2% (CI: 7–14%) and a heterogeneity of 88.2%. The other studies were analyzed by subgroups, showing statistically significant differences in the following subgroups: (1) sample type—a larger sample of images analyzed in the included studies (p = 0.312), which did not show statistically significant differences; (2) geographical region (p = 0.041), which showed a greater presence in the Asian population studied, and this was statistically significant; and (3) sex (male or female) (p = 0.12), where there were no statistically significant differences. Conclusions: The discovery of variations in pancreatic irrigation is common due to the numerous blood vessels involved in supplying this vital organ. Understanding different vascular patterns (such as those from the splenic and mesenteric arteries) is crucial for surgical interventions on the pancreas. For transplant patients, a thorough vascular analysis of both the donor and recipient is essential. Variations can impact blood flow and compatibility, potentially leading to transplant rejection if not addressed. To enhance outcomes, it is recommended to develop more accurate imaging tools for pre-surgical analysis, necessitating ongoing research in this area.
Clinical Characteristics of Neuropathic Pain and Its Relationship with Cancer in Different Corporal Areas—A Systematic Review
(MDPI, 2025-01-06) Danés-López, Fernanda; Diaz-Palominos, Cristóbal; Ortiz Domínguez, Anggie; Silva Rodriguez, Alanna; Astorga, Constanza; Martínez-Hernández, Daniela; Valenzuela Fuenzalida, Juan José; Sanchis-Gimeno, Juan; Nova-Baeza, Pablo; Suazo Santibañez, Alejandra; Oyanedel-Amaro, Gustavo; Orellana-Donoso, Mathias; Gutiérrez Espinoza, Héctor
Neuropathic pain (NP) and cancer are caused by nerve damage due to cancer or treatments such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery, with a prevalence that can reach up to 40%. Causes of neuropathic cancer pain (NCP) include direct nerve invasion or compression by the tumor, as well as neural toxicity associated with treatments. This type of pain is classified into several categories, such as plexopathy, radiculopathy, and peripheral neuropathies. Methods: Medline, Web of Science, Google Scholar, CINAHL, and LILACS databases were searched until October 2024. Two authors independently performed the search, study selection, and data extraction. Methodological quality was analyzed using the Robins-I tool. Results: The main findings of this review indicate that, depending on the cancer type, neuropathic pain will exhibit different characteristics, as well as identifying which types of cancer have a higher probability of presenting neuropathic pain. Additionally, there is a direct relationship whereby the more advanced the cancer, the greater the likelihood of experiencing neuropathic pain. Finally, although chemotherapy is employed as a cancer treatment, this therapy is quite invasive, and one of its adverse effects is that treated patients have a higher probability of developing neuropathic pain. Conclusions: Neuropathic pain is a condition that adversely affects patients with cancer. A detailed understanding of the relationships and triggers that produce this condition is present in only a small percentage of patients with cancer and is necessary to provide better treatment and gain a more comprehensive understanding of the characteristics of neuropathic pain. The objective of this study is to describe the relationship between different types of cancer or various treatments and the presence of NP.
Comparison of the Mediterranean Diet and Other Therapeutic Strategies in Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
(MDPI, 2025-06-19) Bruna-Mejías, Alejandro; San Martin, Jessica; Arciniegas-Diaz, Danna; Meneses-Caroca, Trinidad; Salamanca-Cerda, Amelia; Beas-Gambi, Antonia; Loaiza-Giraldo, Jessica Paola; Ortiz-Ahumada, Cynthia; Nova-Baeza, Pablo; Oyanedel-Amaro, Gustavo; Orellana-Donoso, Mathias; Suazo Santibañez, Alejandra; Sanchis-Gimeno, Juan; Valenzuela Fuenzalida, Juan José
The Mediterranean diet (MD) is one of the healthiest diets, high in fiber, antioxidants, and unsaturated fats. MD improves lipid profiles, reduces inflammation, controls blood pressure, decreases insulin resistance, and enhances the sensitivity to this hormone, lowering the risks of Metabolic syndrome (MS). MS is characterized by central obesity, hypertension, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia, increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease and type II diabetes. The objective of this study was to know the effectiveness of the MD versus other treatments in patients with MS. A systematic search across multiple databases, Medline, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Cinahl, was conducted using keywords such as “Mediterranean diet”, “Mediterranean food”, “eat mediterranean”, “Metabolic syndrome”, and “x syndrome”. A total of 12 studies met the inclusion criteria. Mediterranean diet at different doses versus other diets or other treatments showed significant improvements in clinical parameters, including BMI (mean difference of −0.83 95% CI: −0.93 to −0.74; p < 0.00001),waist circumference (mean difference = −1.81, CI = −2.63 to −0.99, p < 0.00001) triglycerides (mean difference = −22.38, CI = −32.86 to −11.90, p < 0.00001), Glucose (mean difference = −4.28, CI = −7.64 to −0.93, p = 0.005) and, HOMA IR (mean difference = −0.72, CI = −0.78 to −0.65, p < 0.00001), and Insulin resistance (mean difference = −2.98, CI = −3.27 to −2.69, p < 0.00001), all of which improved, Although there were more outcomes, these are the most important changes for patients with metabolic syndrome. MD improves metabolic and cardiovascular health, but study heterogeneity limits the results’ generalizability. Because of that, further research is needed to standardize approaches and explore their mechanisms. MD should be part of an optimized strategy that includes education and physical activity. The strength of the evidence was very low according to the GRADE approach. Further research is needed to support the efficacy of the Mediterranean diet in patients with MS.
Effectiveness of Vitamin D Supplementation on Biochemical, Clinical, and Inflammatory Parameters in Patients with Different Types of Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
(MDPI, 2025-09-18) Bruna-Mejías, Alejandro; Valdivia-Arroyo, Rocío; Becerra-Rodríguez, Emelyn Sofía; Clasing-Cárdenas, Ignacio; Castaño-Gallego, Yesica Tatiana; Granite, Guinevere; Orellana-Donoso, Mathias; Oyanedel-Amaro, Gustavo; Nova-Baeza, Pablo; Cifuentes-Suazo, Gloria; Suazo Santibañez, Alejandra; Sanchis-Gimeno, Juan; Gutiérrez Espinoza, Héctor; Valenzuela Fuenzalida, Juan José
Background and Aims: Numerous clinical and observational studies have examined the role of vitamin D in glycemic control and metabolic regulation among diabetic patients, but findings remain inconsistent. This meta-analysis aimed to assess the effects of vitamin D supplementation on glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c%), HOMA-IR, HOMA-β, LDL cholesterol, total cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting insulin, fasting plasma glucose, C-reactive protein, and the likelihood of reversion to normoglycemia in prediabetic individuals. Methods: A comprehensive search of multiple databases was performed using keywords including “diabetes mellitus,” “type 2 diabetes,” “vitamin D supplementation,” and “VD supplementation.” Twenty studies met the inclusion criteria. Results: Vitamin D supplementation was associated with significant improvements across several parameters, including HOMA-β (SMD = 0.71; 95% CI: 0.63–0.80; p < 0.00001), HDL cholesterol (SMD = 0.07; 95% CI: 0.05–0.09; p < 0.00001), and others (SMD = −0.40; 95% CI: −0.45 to −0.34; p < 0.00001). Conclusions: Vitamin D supplementation appears to provide beneficial effects on glycemic, lipid, and inflammatory markers in patients with diabetes and prediabetes. Specifically, supplementation significantly reduced HbA1c%, HOMA-IR, LDL cholesterol, total cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting insulin, fasting glucose, and C-reactive protein while increasing the rate of normoglycemia among prediabetic individuals. Further research is needed to strengthen the evidence base regarding vitamin D’s role in diabetes management.
Incidence and clinical implications of anatomical variations in the pancreas and Its ductal system: A systematic review and meta-analysis
(MDPI, 2023-08-09) Orellana-Donoso, Mathias; Milos Brandenberg, Daniel; Benavente-Urtubia, Andoni; Guerra-Loyola, Javier; Bruna-Mejías, Alejandro; Nova-Baeza, Pablo; Becerra-Farfán, Álvaro; Sepúlveda-Loyola, Walter; Luque-Bernal, Ricardo Miguel; Valenzuela Fuenzalida, Juan José
Objetivo: Esta revisión sistemática analiza las variantes anatómicas en el páncreas y su sistema ductal para informar sobre su asociación con patologías pancreáticas. Métodos: Realizamos una búsqueda en las bases de datos MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, CINAHL y LILACS desde su inicio hasta julio de 2023. La calidad metodológica se evaluó con la herramienta Anatomical Quality Assessment (AQUA). Finalmente, la prevalencia agrupada se estimó mediante un modelo de efectos aleatorios. Resultados: Se encontraron 55 estudios que cumplieron con los criterios de elegibilidad. La prevalencia general de páncreas divisum (PD) fue del 18% (IC del 95% = 15-21%). La prevalencia de EP asociada con pancreatitis fue del 30% (IC 95% = 1-61%). Conclusiones: Una variante anatómica del páncreas como la EP puede ser la causa de la obstrucción de la vía biliar, dando lugar a diversas complicaciones clínicas, como la pancreatitis. De ahí que conocer esta variante sea de suma importancia para los cirujanos, especialmente para quienes tratan la región gastroduodenal.
Internal carotid artery agenesis: a systematic review of prevalence, basal brain circulation variations, and associated pathologies
(Springer Nature, 2025-07-05) Orellana-Donoso, Mathias; Sanchis-Gimeno, Juan; Afandi-Rebolledo, Sary; Nova-Baeza, Pablo; García-Mena, Paloma; Suazo Santibañez, Alejandro; Peñailillo-Ibarra, Rocío; Valdés-Orrego, Iván; Valenzuela Fuenzalida, Juan José
The internal carotid artery (ICA) is a crucial vessel, and its congenital absence, known as ICA agenesis, is a rare vascular anomaly. This systematic review aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the available evidence on this condition. We systematically searched multiple databases from inception until January 2024. Two authors independently screened titles and abstracts, and a third reviewer was involved if consensus could not be reached. Data extraction and quality assessment were performed using validated the AQUA tool and the JBI critical appraisal checklist tool. A total of 138 (7.8%) articles out of 1,778 met the inclusion criteria, reporting 2040 subjects from which 176 presented (8.6%) ICA agenesis. Most of the studies were case reports (96%), and the included studies originated from various countries, with the United States (17.39%), Japan (14.49%), Turkey (10.87%), and India (10.14%) contributing the most. Left-sided agenesis was the most common (67.39%), followed by right-sided (42.03%) and bilateral (22.46%) agenesis. The most reported clinical manifestations were Horner’s syndrome, increased risk of intracranial aneurysms, and pituitary gland abnormalities. ICA agenesis is a rare vascular anomaly with a left-sided predominance. While some patients may develop associated clinical conditions, many remain asymptomatic due to the development of robust collateral circulation. Comprehensive preoperative evaluation and awareness of these anatomical variations are crucial to guide surgical planning and minimize the risk of complications. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42024592673.
The adverse effects and use of bevacizumab in patients with glioblastoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis
(MDPI, 2025-05-25) Bruna-Mejías, Alejandro; Silva-Bravo, Vicente; Moyano Valarezo, Laura; Delgado-Retamal, María Fernanda; Nazar-Izquierdo, Diego; Aguilar-Aguirre, Isidora; Nova-Baeza, Pablo; Orellana-Donoso, Mathias; Suazo Santibañez, Alejandra; Gutiérrez-Espinoza, Héctor; Sanchis Gimeno, Juan; Bastidas-Caldes, Carlos; Valenzuela Fuenzalida, Juan José
A glioblastoma (GBM) is a type of tumor originating from the glial brain cells, the astrocytes, and thus belongs to the astrocytoma group. Bevacizumab (BV) is a treatment for GBM. BV is the active ingredient in the drugs Avastin®, Alymsys®, Mvasi® and ZiraBev®. It is currently approved as second-line treatment for GBM recurrence in combination with radiotherapy, and as first-line treatment for other cancers, including advanced colorectal cancer, metastatic breast cancer and advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. The objective of this systematic review was to analyze the scientific evidence from the science-based literature on the therapeutic effect and adverse effects of the drug BV in patients with GBM or GBM multiforme. Methods: We systematically searched electronic databases for the literature search, including the MEDLINE (via PubMed), SCOPUS, Google Scholar, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature and Web of Science databases, covering records from their earliest data to December 2024. Randomized or controlled clinical trials that were published in English or Spanish were included. The following keywords were used in different combinations: “Bevacizumab therapy”, “Bevacizumab pharmaceutical”, “Glioblastoma”, “Glioma” and “multiform glioblastoma”. Results: The use of Bevacizumab has been extensively studied in the scientific literature, with beneficial effects in symptom control. However, the adverse effects of BV vary across different types of carcinomas, which is why it has already been established that these adverse effects must be taken into consideration. In our meta-analysis of adverse effects, we found 14 adverse effects and estimated their prevalence, with an average of 19% (CI: 4 to 44%). The most significant vascular adverse effect was thromboembolism, which led to a greater number of complications for patients with GBM. Finally, the most common adverse effects were nausea, vomiting, fatigue and hypertension. Conclusions: While the beneficial properties of this pharmacological therapy have been observed, its adverse effect profile requires constant evaluation, as it includes vascular, blood and symptomatic adverse effects, which must be analyzed on a case-by-case basis and with great attention, especially in the case of more serious complications such as thromboembolic events.
The Effect of Diabetes Mellitus on Central Corneal Thickness Values: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
(MDPI, 2025-09-06) Uzunoglu, Arda; Valenzuela Fuenzalida, Juan José; Morales-Calderón, Karin; Aguilar-Aguirre, Isidora; Bruna-Mejías, Alejandro; Nova-Baeza, Pablo; Orellana-Donoso, Mathias; Oyanedel-Amaro, Gustavo; Suazo Santibañez, Alejandra; Sanchis-Gimeno, Juan A.; León Rojas, Jose E.; Granite, Guinevere
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder that can induce systemic and ocular complications. Among the latter, an increase in central corneal thickness (CCT) has been reported, potentially affecting endothelial function and increasing the risk of ocular disease. This study aimed to determine the impact of DM on CCT and to assess its correlation with diabetes duration and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels. A systematic literature search was conducted in Web of Science (1980–2025) following a PICO-based strategy. Observational studies evaluating CCT in diabetic patients were included. Data were analyzed using a random-effects model. Statistical heterogeneity was assessed with χ2 test, p values, and I2 index. Publication bias was evaluated using Begg’s funnel plot and Egger’s regression test. Twenty-nine studies were included in the meta-analysis. Diabetic patients showed significantly higher CCT values compared to controls, particularly in those with long-standing DM (p < 0.001) and poor glycemic control (HbA1c, p < 0.001). Egger’s regression suggested an association between increasing CCT, disease duration, and HbA1c levels, while funnel plot asymmetry indicated potential publication bias. CCT appears to increase in patients with long-term DM and inadequate glycemic control. These findings highlight the relevance of CCT assessment as a potential indicator of corneal changes in diabetic patients.
The Gastric Vein Variants: An Evidence-Based Systematic Review of Prevalence and Clinical Considerations
(MDPI, 2025-05-22) Bruna-Mejías, Alejandro; Salgado-Torres, Cristian; Cáceres-Gálvez, Constanza; Rodriguez-Osorio, Benjamin; Orellana-Donoso, Mathias; Nova-Baeza, Pablo; Suazo Santibañez, Alejandra; Oyanedel-Amaro, Gustavo; Sanchis-Gimeno, Juan; Piagkou, Maria; Triantafyllou, George; Konschake, Marko; Valenzuela Fuenzalida, Juan José
The objective of the present systematic study was to analyze and characterize the gastric vein (GV) variations to understand their significance within clinical contexts, particularly in gastric and liver surgeries and managing conditions associated with the portal vein system. Methods: We conducted a systematic review, examining various databases, including Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, CINAHL, and EMBASE, up to April 2025. Two independent authors conducted the literature search, selected pertinent studies, and extracted relevant data. The methodological quality of the studies was evaluated utilizing the Assessment Tool for Anatomical Studies (AQUA). The pooled prevalence was estimated through the application of a random effects model. Results: Among the 279 articles reviewed, 11 studies were ultimately incorporated into the systematic analysis, encompassing 47,993 subjects. The pooled prevalence of GV variants was determined to be 8.32%, revealing considerable heterogeneity (I2 = 98.92%). A subgroup analysis showed a greater prevalence of GV variants in diagnostic imaging studies than in cadaveric studies, with a higher frequency observed in males than in females. Conclusions: The morphological variability of the GVs holds clinical significance, as it may significantly impact the management of abdominal disorders, particularly during surgical and endovascular interventions. This study emphasizes the necessity of thorough preoperative evaluations to identify these variations, thereby minimizing surgical complications and enhancing therapeutic outcomes for patients suffering from gastric and portal vein system disorders. Integrating advanced imaging techniques into clinical practice may facilitate improved surgical and therapeutic planning.
Unilateral Lung Agenesis: A Systematic Review of Prevalence, Anatomical Variants, and Clinical Implications
(MDPI, 2025-09-08) Orellana-Donoso, Mathias; Barrenechea-Salvador, Mariano; Caro-Navarro, Joaquín; Cervela-Díaz, Matías; Chacón-Ortiz, Cristian; Claudet-Córdoba, Nicolás; Sanchis-Gimeno, Juan; Nova-Baeza, Pablo; Valenzuela Fuenzalida, Juan José; Suazo Santibañez, Alejandra; Valdes-Orrego, Iván; Cifuentes-Suazo, Gloria; Leon-Rojas, Jose E.
Unilateral lung agenesis (ULA) is a rare congenital anomaly characterized by the complete absence of one lung, often accompanied by cardiovascular, skeletal, or gastrointestinal malformations. Despite its clinical significance, evidence of prevalence, anatomical variants, and outcomes remain fragmented. This systematic review aimed to synthesize existing data on ULA’s prevalence, anatomical classifications, diagnostic approaches, and clinical implications. Methods: Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, five databases (MEDLINE, Web of Science, CINAHL, Scopus, and EMBASE) were searched from inception to January 2024. Inclusion criteria encompassed case reports, case series, and observational studies on ULA in humans. Risk of bias was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) checklist. Narrative synthesis was performed due to methodological heterogeneity. Results: Thirty-two studies (137 participants) were included. Right-sided ULA predominated (58%), with poorer prognoses due to mediastinal distortion. Cardiovascular anomalies (40%) were the most common comorbidity. Diagnostic modalities included chest radiography (85%), CT (70%), and bronchoscopy (25%). Schneider-Boyden scale was used to classify the included studies. Risk of bias assessment revealed 65% of studies as low risk, 28% as moderate, and 7% as high risk. Conclusions: ULA necessitates multidisciplinary management, particularly in cases with associated anomalies. Left-sided ULA correlates with better outcomes, emphasizing the role of early imaging. Limitations include reliance on case reports and inconsistent reporting of anatomical variants. Future research should adopt standardized classifications and longitudinal designs to improve evidence quality.

Examinando por Autor "Nova-Baeza, Pablo"

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