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A bi-objective optimization model to plan vaccination campaigns aided by temporary centers
(Wiley, 2026) Montenegro-Dos Santos, Fernando; Pérez-Galarce, Francisco; Monardes-Concha, Carlos A.; Cruz-Zárate, Sergio; Candia-Véjar, Alfredo
Vaccination campaigns have saved thousands of lives and reached even the world’s most remote areas. However, the COVID-19 pandemic significantly changed the strategies for such campaigns. It is now crucial to rigorously consider new factors when planning the operational aspects of these campaigns, particularly for last-mile vaccine dispensing. First, a large share of the population must be vaccinated, with emphasis on vulnerable groups at higher risk. Second, if the virus is highly contagious and capable of asymptomatic transmission, implementing public health measures at vaccination sites becomes paramount. To address these challenges, we propose a bi-objective optimization model to support healthcare decision-making. It defines a schedule for locating temporary vaccination centers and assigning populations to permanent and temporary sites over a planning horizon. Moreover, we formalize and validate a minimum set of properties for a function-based prioritization mechanism to ensure consistent prioritization. One objective prioritizes vaccinating vulnerable groups according to our novel function-based approach, while the other minimizes the operational costs of temporary centers. In the complex environment of a pandemic, the strategic integration and use of temporary and permanent vaccination centers is vital for creating a robust and responsive vaccination strategy. Temporary centers, whose locations are determined by the model, improve access for hard-to-reach groups, contribute to minimizing crowding at permanent sites, and lower infection risks. Our results, demonstrated through a case study, show that the model effectively allocates resources and generates various vaccination plans that cater to different priority levels assigned to each objective, thereby offering valuable decision support.
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The Formation of Collaborative Learning Teams in Schools Through Mathematical Optimization for Improving the Classroom Climate
(IEEE, 2026) Candia-Véjar Alfredo; Faúndez, Álvaro; Rojas, Camila; Jeria, Isidora; Benítez, Natacha; Tupper, María Ignacia; Inostroza, Romina; Bellenger, Etienne; Pérez-Galarce, Francisco
School climate plays a fundamental role in teaching and learning processes, directly influencing the achievement of educational objectives. Moreover, climate-related issues often manifest as bullying, which remains a persistent challenge for education systems worldwide. In this context, teamwork emerges as a key strategy to foster student interaction, strengthen friendship networks, and reduce bullying and aggression. However, traditional team assignment methods—such as student self-selection, teacher allocation, or random distribution—fail to account for the complexity of student interactions and individual characteristics. This study introduces a web-based decision support system designed to assist in team formation within educational settings by utilizing optimization models and algorithms, thereby promoting a more interconnected and inclusive student network. The models incorporate factors such as team diversity, victim protection, and student preferences. Its primary input is a social network along with derived metrics (e.g., betweenness centrality and triadic relationships), which feed into three non-linear integer optimization models that aim to consolidate, create, or enhance student interpersonal relationships. Additionally, the models were evaluated through a large quasi-experiment using both quantitative and qualitative analyses across four dimensions particularly relevant to educational activities: team dynamics, attitude toward the team, team cohesion, and team performance. Empirical results demonstrate that it is possible to improve the classroom climate without compromising the four team-related dimensions. This collaborative learning technology serves as a valuable resource for enhancing collaborative educational strategies and fostering a more inclusive and supportive classroom environment.
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Modeling and planning a novel logistic transport system: Several drone pickups for each delivery
(Elsevier, 2026) Gómez-Lagos, Javier; Rojas-Espinoza, Benjamín; Candia-Véjar, Alfredo
This paper presents the Delivery Drone Routing Problem with Limited Inventory (DDRPI), an extension of the Pickup-to-Delivery Drone Routing Problem (PDDRP). In the PDDRP, each customer may order multiple products, and each facility is assumed to hold unlimited inventory of all products. In the DDRPI, this assumption is removed: not all products are necessarily available at a single facility, which may require drones to visit multiple facilities to fulfill a customer’s order. A mixed integer linear programming model is formulated to solve the problem. However, due to the high computational complexity of the DDRPI, CPLEX can only solve small instances. Therefore, a hybrid metaheuristic combining GRASP with a VND procedure is employed to address larger instances. Computational experiments are conducted to assess the limitations of the exact approach, the effectiveness of the proposed metaheuristic, the impact of drone battery constraints on the objective function, and the influence of different demand and inventory distribution patterns.
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Compresión traqueal extrínseca en un lactante durante ventilación mecánica invasiva. Una aproximación fisiopatológica basada en la mecánica respiratoria.
(Andes Pediatrica, 2026-07-01) Bravo Pinares, Oscar; Cruces, Pablo; Díaz, Franco; Villavicencio Moscoso, Diego
Las anomalías congénitas del arco aórtico, como los anillos vasculares, son causas infrecuentes de obstrucción extrínseca de vía aérea central. Su diagnóstico es complejo debido a una presentación clínica inespecífica y superposición con patologías respiratorias frecuentes. Objetivo: Describir los hallazgos de la mecánica respiratoria que orientaron a la sospecha de una obstrucción fija de la vía aérea central secundaria a un anillo vascular en lactante críticamente enfermo. Caso Clínico: Lactante de 7 meses, gemelar monocigótico, previamente sano, ingresó por falla respiratoria aguda en el contexto de una infección viral respiratoria baja, requiriendo ventilación mecánica invasiva (VMI). Durante su evolución presentó episodios súbitos de hipoxemia, hipoventilación y aumento marcado de las presiones inspiratorias. El análisis detallado de la mecánica respiratoria evidenció un aumento significativo del componente resistivo inspiratorio y espiratorio, con incremento del gradiente entre presión inspiratoria pico (PIP) y presión meseta (PPLAT), asociado a un aumento de presión positiva al final de la espiración intrínseca (iPEEP). Estas mediciones cambiaban abruptamente al desplazar distalmente el tubo endotraqueal, lo que hizo sospechar de obstrucción fija de la vía aérea central. La angiografía tomográfica computada de tórax confirmó la presencia de un anillo vascular completo secundario a arco aórtico derecho con divertículo de Kommerell. Tras resolución del cuadro agudo, fue sometido a corrección quirúrgica sin complicaciones. Conclusiones: En lactantes con falla respiratoria aguda de evolución inhabitual, el análisis fisiopatológico de la mecánica respiratoria durante la VMI puede contribuir a la sospecha de obstrucción fija de la vía aérea central y orientar el estudio anatómico dirigido. Congenital anomalies of the aortic arch, such as vascular rings, are uncommon causes of extrinsic central airway obstruction. Diagnosis is often challenging due to a nonspecific clinical presentation and overlap with common respiratory diseases. Objective: To describe the respiratory mechanics findings that led to the suspicion of fixed central airway obstruction secondary to a vascular ring in a critically ill infant. Clinical Case: A previously healthy 7-month-old monozygotic twin infant was admitted due to acute respiratory failure associated with a lower respiratory tract viral infection, requiring invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). During the clinical course, the patient developed sudden episodes of hypoxemia, hypoventilation, and a marked increase in inspiratory pressures. A detailed analysis of respiratory mechanics revealed a significant increase in both inspiratory and expiratory resistive components, with an increased gradient between peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) and plateau pressure (PPLAT), associated with an increase in intrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure (iPEEP). These abnormalities abruptly improved when the endotracheal tube was moved distally, raising suspicion of a fixed central airway obstruction. Chest computed tomography angiography confirmed a complete vascular ring aused by a right aortic arch with a Kommerell’s diverticulum. After resolution of the acute condition, the patient underwent surgical correction without complications. Conclusions: In infants with acute respiratory failure and unusual clinical course, pathophysiological analysis of respiratory mechanics during IMV may help to rise the suspicion of fixed central airway obstruction and guide targeted anatomical evaluation.
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De la ecopoética infantil al videoensayo: Cartografías de un cuerpo dramatizado en diálogo con la naturaleza
(Organización de Estados Iberoamericanos (OEI), 2026-06-30) Sánchez-Duque, Carmen Gloria; Barrera-García, Ángela
Este artículo analiza una experiencia de educación artística titulada: “El teatro del anima: el despertar de los elementos”, un taller donde niñas y niños cartografían lo invisible mediante el teatro de objetos y la creación poética. Bajo el marco de la pedagogía del cariño y la ecopoética, se explora cómo el material papel y el cuerpo funcionan como mediadores para invocar la esencia de la tierra, el agua, el fuego y el aire. La metodología es una investigación basada en las artes, con enfoque a/r/tográfico, donde convergen la creación de rimas colectivas y dramatizaciones por parte de los participantes y un videoensayo que crean las autoras, el cual permite documentar el flujo vital entre la infancia y su imaginario sobre el entorno natural, expandiendo la experiencia. Los resultados demuestran que la manipulación del material y la escucha de los lenguajes de la naturaleza transforman el espacio del taller en un ecosistema de coexistencia y empatía. Se concluye que esta práctica artística ha generando un reconocimiento del cuerpo expresivo en las y los participantes que valida la pluralidad de experiencias, produciendo nuevos significados sobre realidades compartidas y reconociendo los vínculos invisibles que sostienen la vida en el territorio a través de herramientas que combinan lo performativo con lo audiovisual.