Análisis de la Ley N° 20.009 sobre fraude bancario. La aplicación del principio de corrección de la asimetría en el régimen de responsabilidad entre usuarios de medios de pago y prestadores de servicios financieros electrónicos
Date
2023
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Universidad Finis Terrae (Chile) Facultad de Derecho
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Abstract
La Ley de Fraude Bancario, que aborda el tema sobre el régimen de limitación de responsabilidad para titulares o usuarios de tarjetas de pago y transacciones electrónicas en caso de extravío, hurto, robo o fraude, constituye una materia de suma relevancia en nuestro país. Con el avance de la tecnología se hace cada día más indispensable contar con sistemas de seguridad óptimos y de alta calidad, que protejan de manera eficiente las transacciones bancarias electrónicas. Así, la referida ley y con sus múltiples reformas estableció un régimen de responsabilidad aplicable a emisores de servicios financieros electrónicos, en caso de extravío, hurto, robo o fraude.
Es de conocimiento público que, en toda relación de consumo, uno de los principios de más relevancia es justamente la corrección de la asimetría, el cual tiene como objetivo nivelar la relación entre consumidores y proveedores. Así, es perfectamente aplicable dicho principio en las transacciones financieras electrónicas. Pero, la interrogante que surge es si efectivamente el régimen de responsabilidad que la Ley de Fraude Bancario establece a los emisores de dar cumplimiento al principio de corrección de la asimetría o si bien, en un afán de regular los sistemas con el fin de que los emisores deban responder y hacerse cargo ante posibles vulneraciones a sus sistemas, han perjudicado a estos últimos, especialmente en la defensa de sus derechos.
Para resolver lo anterior, se procederá a realizar un análisis histórico respecto a las leyes aplicables a esta materia, comenzando por la Ley N°19.496 sobre Protección de los Derechos de los Consumidores y la Ley N°20.009 sobre Fraude Bancario, con sus múltiples reformas a fin de precisar su alcance normativo. Además, examinaremos jurisprudencia de los tribunales, para ver cómo han fallado los Juzgados de Policía Local, quienes son los competentes de esta materia, y que han manifestado a su vez nuestros tribunales superiores de justicia sobre la misma. Todo ello con el fin de ver si la teoría planteada en esta tesis es efectiva, es decir, si los emisores de servicios financieros se ven perjudicados en sus garantías en la defensa de sus derechos por el régimen de responsabilidad aplicable por la Ley de Fraude Bancario. Proponiendo en definitiva a una serie de cambios en la Ley de Fraude Bancario en las conclusiones.
The Bank Fraud Law, which addresses the topic of the regime of limitation of liability for account holders or users of payment cards and electronic transactions in case of loss, theft, robbery or fraud, constitutes a matter of utmost relevance in our country. With the advancement of technology, it is becoming increasingly essential to have optimal, high-quality security systems that efficiently protect electronic banking transactions. Thus, the aforementioned law and its multiple reforms have established a liability regime applicable to issuers of electronic financial services, in case of loss, theft, robbery or fraud. It is public knowledge that, in any consumer relationship, one of the most relevant principles is precisely the correction of asymmetry, which aims to level the relationship between consumers and suppliers. Thus, this principle is perfectly applicable in electronic financial transactions. But the question that arises is whether the liability regime that the Bank Fraud Law establishes for issuers to comply with the principle of correcting the asymmetry or whether, in an effort to regulate the systems so that issuers must respond and take responsibility for possible violations of their systems, they have harmed the latter, especially in the defense of their rights. To resolve the above, a historical analysis will be carried out regarding the laws applicable to this matter, starting with Law No. 19.496 of Protection of Consumer Rights, and Law No. 20,009 on Banking Fraud, with its multiple reforms, in order to specify its regulatory scope. In addition, we will examine the jurisprudence of the courts, to see how the Local Police Courts, who are competent in this matter, have ruled, and what our superior courts of justice have in turn stated on the same. All this to see if the theory proposed in this thesis is effective, that is, if the issuers of financial services are harmed in their guarantees in the defense of their rights by the liability regime applicable by the Bank Fraud Law. Ultimately proposing a series of changes to the Bank Fraud Law in the conclusions.
The Bank Fraud Law, which addresses the topic of the regime of limitation of liability for account holders or users of payment cards and electronic transactions in case of loss, theft, robbery or fraud, constitutes a matter of utmost relevance in our country. With the advancement of technology, it is becoming increasingly essential to have optimal, high-quality security systems that efficiently protect electronic banking transactions. Thus, the aforementioned law and its multiple reforms have established a liability regime applicable to issuers of electronic financial services, in case of loss, theft, robbery or fraud. It is public knowledge that, in any consumer relationship, one of the most relevant principles is precisely the correction of asymmetry, which aims to level the relationship between consumers and suppliers. Thus, this principle is perfectly applicable in electronic financial transactions. But the question that arises is whether the liability regime that the Bank Fraud Law establishes for issuers to comply with the principle of correcting the asymmetry or whether, in an effort to regulate the systems so that issuers must respond and take responsibility for possible violations of their systems, they have harmed the latter, especially in the defense of their rights. To resolve the above, a historical analysis will be carried out regarding the laws applicable to this matter, starting with Law No. 19.496 of Protection of Consumer Rights, and Law No. 20,009 on Banking Fraud, with its multiple reforms, in order to specify its regulatory scope. In addition, we will examine the jurisprudence of the courts, to see how the Local Police Courts, who are competent in this matter, have ruled, and what our superior courts of justice have in turn stated on the same. All this to see if the theory proposed in this thesis is effective, that is, if the issuers of financial services are harmed in their guarantees in the defense of their rights by the liability regime applicable by the Bank Fraud Law. Ultimately proposing a series of changes to the Bank Fraud Law in the conclusions.
Description
Memoria (Licenciado en Ciencias Jurídicas)--Universidad Finis Terrae, 2023
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Santiago, Chile
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Citation
Keywords
CHILE LEY N° 21.234, CHILE LEY N° 21.521, CHILE LEY N° 20.009, CHILE LEY N° 21.595, DELITOS ECONÓMICOS -- CHILE
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Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 3.0 Chile (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 CL)